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Documentation

Release Notes
Release Notes
- Introduction
- System Requirements
- Announcements
  Announcements
  - Deprecated Functionality
- New and Enhanced Features
- Minor Updates and Bug Fixes
- Interoperability
Windows Installation
Windows Installation
- Documentation
- Files and Directories
- File Extensions
- APL Fonts
- Interoperability and Compatibility
- The APL Command Line
- APL Exit Codes
- Dyalog Serial Number
- Configuration Parameters
  Configuration Parameters
  - Introduction
  - AddClassHeaders
  - AplCoreName
  - aplk
  - aplkeys
  - aplnid
  - aplt
  - apltrans
  - APL_CODE_E_MAGNITUDE
  - APL_COMPLEX_AS_V12
  - APL_FCREATE_PROPS_C
  - APL_FCREATE_PROPS_J
  - APL_FAST_FCHK
  - APL_MAX_THREADS
  - APL_TextInAplCore
  - AutoDPI
  - AutoComplete
    AutoComplete
    
    CancelKey1
    
    CancelKey2
    
    Cols
    
    CommonKey1
    
    CompleteKey1
    
    CompleteKey2
    
    Enabled
    
    History
    
    HistorySize
    
    PrefixSize
    
    Rows
    
    ShowFiles
  - AutoFormat
  - AutoIndent
  - auto_pw
  - CFEXT
  - ClassicMode
  - ClassicModeSavePosition
  - CMD_PREFIX and CMD_POSTFIX
  - ConfigFile
  - confirm_abort
  - confirm_close
  - confirm_fix
  - confirm_session_delete
  - default_div
  - default_io
  - default_ml
  - default_pp
  - default_pw
  - default_rtl
  - default_wx
  - DMXOUTPUTONERROR
  - DockableEditWindows
  - DoubleClickEdit
  - dyalog
  - DyalogEmailAddress
  - DyalogHelpDir
  - DyalogInstallDir
  - DyalogLink
  - DyalogStartup
  - DyalogStartupSE
  - DyalogStartup_X
  - DyalogWebSite
  - DYALOG_DISCARD_FN_SOURCE
  - DYALOG_EVENTLOGGINGLEVEL
  - DYALOG_EVENTLOGNAME
  - DYALOG_GUTTER_ENABLE
  - Dyalog_LineEditor_Mode
  - Dyalog_NETCore
  - DYALOG_NOPOPUPS
  - DYALOG_PIXEL_TYPE
  - DYALOG_SERIAL
  - EditorState
  - Edit_Cols
  - Edit_First_X
  - Edit_First_Y
  - Edit_Offset_X
  - Edit_Offset_Y
  - Edit_Rows
  - ENABLE_CEF
  - ErrorOnExternalException
  - ExternalHelpURL
  - File_Stack_Size
  - greet_bitmap
  - history_size
  - inifile
  - InitFullScriptNormal
  - InitFullScriptSusp
  - InitialKeyboardLayout
  - InitialKeyboardLayoutInUse
  - InitialKeyboardLayoutShowAll
  - input_size
  - KeyboardInputDelay
  - Load
  - localdyalogdir
  - log_file
  - log_file_inuse
  - log_size
  - LX
  - mapchars
  - MaxAplCores
  - maxws
  - OverstrikesPopup
  - PassExceptionsToOpSys
  - pfkey_size
  - ProgramFolder
  - PropertyExposeRoot
  - PropertyExposeSE
  - qcmd_timeout
  - ResolveOverstrikes
  - RIDE_Init
  - RIDE_Spawned
  - RunAsService
  - SaveContinueOnExit
  - SaveLogOnExit
  - SaveSessionOnExit
  - Serial
  - SessionOnTop
  - session_file
  - ShowStatusOnError
  - SingleTrace
  - SkipLines
  - SM_Cols
  - SM_Rows
  - StatusOnEdit
  - TabStops
  - ToolBarsOnEdit
  - TraceStopMonitor
  - Trace_First_X
  - Trace_First_Y
  - Trace_level_warn
  - Trace_Offset_X
  - Trace_Offset_Y
  - Trace_On_Error
  - UCMDCacheFile
  - UnicodeToClipboard
  - URLHighlight
  - UseExternalHelpURL
  - UserConfigFile
  - UseXCV
  - ValueTips
    ValueTips
    
    ValueTips/ColourScheme
    
    ValueTips/Delay
    
    ValueTips/Enabled
  - WantsSpecialKeys
  - WrapSearch
  - WrapSearchMsgBox
  - WSEXT
  - WSPATH
  - XPLookAndFeel
  - yy_window
- Registry SubFolders
- Configuration Files
- Window Captions
- Workspace Management
- Interface with Windows
- Auxiliary Processors
- Access Control for External Variables
- Shell Scripts
- Creating Executables
- Run-Time Applications and Components
- Run-Time Applications Additonal Considerations
- COM Objects and the Dyalog APL DLL
- APL Application as a Service
- APLService Logging Events
- Configuring the IDE
  Configuring the IDE
  - Configuration Dialog
    Configuration Dialog
    
    General Tab
    
    Unicode Input Tab
    
    Input Tab (Classic Edition)
    
    Output Tab (Classic Edition)
    
    Keyboard Shortcuts Tab
    
    Workspace Tab
    
    Help/DMX Tab
    
    Windows Tab
    
    Session Tab
    
    Trace/Edit Tab
    
    Auto Complete Tab
    
    SALT Tab
    
    User Commands Tab
    
    Object Syntax Tab
    
    Saved ResponsesTab
  - Colour Selection Dialog
  - Print Configuration Dialog
UNIX Installation
UNIX Installation
- Introduction
- Installing Dyalog APL
- Dyalog Serial Number
- Konsole
- APL VNC RDP
- PuTTY
- Configuration Parameters
  Configuration Parameters
- Configuring the Editor
- Starting from scripts
- Magic
- SE and SALT
- HOME dyalog directory
- QuadNA and UNIX
- Miscellaneous
- BuildID
Programmer's Guide
Programmer's Guide
- Introduction
  Introduction
  - Workspaces
  - Legal Names
  - Arrays
    Arrays
    
    Introduction
    
    Numbers
    
    Characters
    
    Enclosed Elements
    
    Specification of Variables
    
    Vector Notation
    
    Array Notation
    
    Structuring of Arrays
    
    Display of Arrays
    
    Prototypes and Fill Items
    
    Cells and Subarrays
  - Expressions
  - Functions
  - Operators
  - Binding Strength
  - Function Trains
  - Search Functions and Hash Tables
  - Idiom Recognition
    Idiom Recognition
    
    Introduction
    
    Idiom List
  - Parallel Execution
  - Complex Numbers
  - 128 Bit Decimal Floating-Point Support
  - Namespaces
    Namespaces
    
    Overview
    
    Namespace Syntax
    
    Namespace Reference Evaluation
    
    Namespaces and Localisation
    
    Namespace References
    
    Unnamed Namespaces
    
    Arrays of Namespace References
    
    Distributed Assignment
    
    Distributed Functions
    
    Namespaces and Operators
    
    Serialising Namespaces
  - External Variables
  - Component Files
  - Auxiliary Processors
- Deprecated Functionality
- Defined Functions and Operators
  Defined Functions and Operators
  - Introduction
  - Traditional Functions and Operators
    Traditional Functions and Operators
    
    Introduction
    
    Model Syntax
    
    Statements
    
    Global & Local Names
    
    Locals Lines
    
    Namelists
    
    Locked Functions & Operators
    
    Function Declaration Statements
    Function Declaration Statements
    
    Introduction
    
    Access Statement
    
    Attribute Statement
    
    Implements Statement
    
    Signature Statement
    
    Control Structures
    Control Structures
    
    Introduction
    
    If Statement
    
    While Statement
    
    Repeat Statement
    
    For Statement
    
    Select Statement
    
    With Statement
    
    Hold Statement
    
    Trap Statement
    
    GoTo Statement
    
    Return Statement
    
    Leave Statement :Leave
    
    Continue Statement
    
    Section Statement
    
    Disposable Statement
    
    APL Line Editor
  - Dfns and Dops
    Dfns and Dops
    
    Introduction
    
    MultiLine Dfns
    
    Default Left Argument
    
    Guards
    
    Shy Result
    
    Lexical Name Scope
    
    Error Guards
    
    Dops
    
    Recursion
    
    Tail Calls
    
    Restrictions
- Object Oriented Programming
  Object Oriented Programming
  - Introducing Classes
    Introducing Classes
    
    Introducing Classes
    
    Defining Classes
    
    Editing Classes
    
    Inheritance
    
    Instances
  - Constructors
    Constructors
    
    Introduction
    
    Constructor Overloading
    
    Niladic (Default) Constructors
    
    Empty Arrays of Instances: Why?
    
    Empty Arrays of Instances: How?
    
    Base Constructors
    
    Niladic Example
    
    Monadic Example
    
    Destructors
  - Class Members
    Class Members
    
    Introduction
    
    Fields
    Fields
    
    Introduction
    
    Public Fields
    
    Initialising Fields
    
    Private Fields
    
    Shared Fields
    
    Trigger Fields
    
    Methods
    Methods
    
    Methods
    
    Shared Methods
    
    Instance Methods
    
    Superseding Base Class Methods
    
    Properties
    Properties
    
    Properties
    
    Simple Instance Properties
    
    Simple Shared Properties
    
    Numbered Properties
    Numbered Properties
    
    Introduction
    
    Example
    
    The Default Property
    
    ComponentFile Class
    
    Keyed Properties
    Keyed Properties
    
    Introduction
    
    Example 1
    
    Example 2
  - Interfaces
    Interfaces
    
    Introduction
    
    Example
  - Including Namespaces in Classes
    Including Namespaces in Classes
    
    Introduction
    
    Example
  - Nested Classes
    Nested Classes
    
    Nested Classes
    
    GolfService Example
  - Namespace Scripts
    Namespace Scripts
    
    Namespace Scripts
    
    DiaryStuff Example
  - Including Script Files
  - Class Declaration Statements
    Class Declaration Statements
    
    Introduction
    
    Interface Statement
    
    Namespace Statement
    
    Class Statement
    
    Using Statement
    
    Attribute Statement
    
    Access Statement
    
    Implements Statement
  - Field Statement
  - Property Section
    Property Section
    
    Property Statement
    
    PropertyArguments Class
    
    PropertyGet Function Syntax
    
    PropertySet Function Syntax
    
    PropertyShape Function Syntax
- Threads
  Threads
- Triggers
  Triggers
- Native Files
- Component Files
  Component Files
- Error Trapping
  Error Trapping
- Error Messages
  Error Messages
  - Introduction
  - APL Error Messages
  - Operating System Error Messages
  - Windows Operating System Error Messages
  - APL Error Messages (A-Z)
    APL Error Messages (A-Z)
    
    bad ws
    
    cannot create name
    
    clear ws
    
    copy incomplete
    
    DEADLOCK
    
    defn error
    
    DOMAIN ERROR
    
    EOF INTERRUPT
    
    EXCEPTION
    
    FIELD CONTENTS RANK ERROR
    
    FIELD CONTENTS TOO MANY COLUMNS
    
    FIELD POSITION ERROR
    
    FIELD CONTENTS TYPE MISMATCH
    
    FIELD TYPE BEHAVIOUR UNRECOGNISED
    
    FIELD ATTRIBUTES RANK ERROR
    
    FIELD ATTRIBUTES LENGTH ERROR
    
    FULL SCREEN ERROR
    
    KEY CODE UNRECOGNISED
    
    KEY CODE RANK ERROR
    
    KEY CODE TYPE ERROR
    
    FORMAT FILE ACCESS ERROR
    
    FORMAT FILE ERROR
    
    FILE ACCESS ERROR
    
    FILE ACCESS ERROR CONVERTING
    
    FILE COMPONENT DAMAGED
    
    FILE DAMAGED
    
    FILE FULL
    
    FILE INDEX ERROR
    
    FILE NAME ERROR
    
    FILE NAME QUOTA USED UP
    
    FILE SYSTEM ERROR
    
    FILE SYSTEM NO SPACE
    
    FILE SYSTEM NOT AVAILABLE
    
    FILE SYSTEM TIES USED UP
    
    FILE TIE ERROR
    
    FILE TIED
    
    FILE TIED REMOTELY
    
    FILE TIE QUOTA USED UP
    
    FORMAT ERROR
    
    HOLD ERROR
    
    incorrect command
    
    INDEX ERROR
    
    INTERNAL ERROR
    
    INTERRUPT
    
    is name
    
    LENGTH ERROR
    
    LIMIT ERROR
    
    NONCE ERROR
    
    NO PIPES
    
    name is not a ws
    
    Name already exists
    
    Namespace does not exist
    
    not copied name
    
    not found name
    
    not saved this ws is name
    
    PROCESSOR TABLE FULL
    
    RANK ERROR
    
    RESIZE
    
    name saved date time
    
    SYNTAX ERROR
    
    sys error number
    
    TIMEOUT
    
    TRANSLATION ERROR
    
    TRAP ERROR
    
    too many names
    
    VALUE ERROR
    
    warning duplicate label
    
    warning duplicate name
    
    warning pendent operation
    
    warning label name present
    
    warning unmatched brackets
    
    warning unmatched parentheses
    
    was name
    
    WS FULL
    
    ws not found
    
    ws too large
  - Operating System Error Messages (A-Z)
    Operating System Error Messages (A-Z)
    
    FILE ERROR 1 Not owner
    
    FILE ERROR 2 No such file
    
    FILE ERROR 5 I O error
    
    FILE ERROR 6 No such device
    
    FILE ERROR 13 Permission denied
    
    FILE ERROR 20 Not a directory
    
    FILE ERROR 21 Is a directory
    
    FILE ERROR 23 File table overflow
    
    FILE ERROR 24 Too many open
    
    FILE ERROR 26 Text file busy
    
    FILE ERROR 27 File too large
    
    FILE ERROR 28 No space left
    
    FILE ERROR 30 Read only file
  - System Errors
- APLMon
  APLMon
Language Reference
Language Reference
- Symbols
  Symbols
- Primitive Functions
  Primitive Functions
  - Introduction
  - Scalar Functions
  - Mixed Functions
  - Notes
  - Scalar Monadic Functions
    Scalar Monadic Functions
    
    Negative
    
    Direction (Signum)
    
    Reciprocal
    
    Magnitude
    
    Floor
    
    Ceiling
    
    Exponential
    
    Natural Logarithm
    
    Pi Times
    
    Factorial
    
    Not
    
    Roll
    
    Type
  - Scalar Dyadic Arithmetic Functions
    Scalar Dyadic Arithmetic Functions
    
    Add
    
    Subtract
    
    Multiply
    
    Divide
    
    Residue
    
    Minimum
    
    Maximum
    
    Power
    
    Logarithm
    
    Binomial
  - Scalar Dyadic Logical Functions
    Scalar Dyadic Logical Functions
    
    And Lowest Common Multiple
    
    Or Greatest Common Divisor
    
    Nand
    
    Nor
    
    Less
    
    Less Or Equal
    
    Equal
    
    Greater Or Equal
    
    Greater
    
    Not Equal
  - Trigonometric Functions
  - Non-Scalar Monadic Structural Functions
    Non-Scalar Monadic Structural Functions
    
    Shape
    
    Ravel
    
    Ravel with Axes
    
    Reverse
    
    Table
    
    Tally
    
    Transpose
    
    Mix
    
    Split
    
    Enclose
    
    Enclose with Axes
    
    Nest
    
    Format
    
    Depth
    
    Enlist
  - Non-Scalar Dyadic Structural Functions
    Non-Scalar Dyadic Structural Functions
    
    Reshape
    
    Catenate and Laminate
    
    Rotate
    
    Dyadic Transpose
    
    Partitioned Enclose
    
    Partition
    
    Dyadic Format
  - Non-Scalar Selection Functions
    Non-Scalar Selection Functions
    
    Right
    
    Same
    
    Left
    
    Disclose
    
    Unique
    
    Unique Mask
    
    Pick
    
    Take
    
    Take with Axes
    
    Drop
    
    Drop with Axes
    
    Replicate
    
    Expand
    
    Excluding
    
    Intersection
    
    Union
  - Non-Scalar Selector Functions
    Non-Scalar Selector Functions
    
    Index Generator
    
    Grade Up
    
    Grade Down
    
    Index
    
    Index with Axes
    
    Index Of
    
    Interval Index
    
    Where
    
    Membership
    
    Find
    
    Dyadic Grade Up
    
    Dyadic Grade Down
    
    Deal
    
    Match
    
    Not Match
  - Non-Scalar Computational Functions
    Non-Scalar Computational Functions
    
    Zilde
    
    Abort
    
    Branch
    
    Execute
    
    Matrix Inverse
    
    Decode
    
    Encode
    
    Matrix Divide
  - Primitive Functions (A-Z)
    Primitive Functions (A-Z)
    
    Introduction
    
    Abort
    
    Add
    
    And Lowest Common Multiple
    
    Assignment
    
    Assignment Indexed
    
    Assignment Selective
    
    Binomial
    
    Branch
    
    Catenate and Laminate
    
    Catenate First
    
    Ceiling
    
    Trigonometric Functions
    
    Conjugate
    
    Deal
    
    Decode
    
    Depth
    
    Direction (Signum)
    
    Disclose
    
    Divide
    
    Drop
    
    Drop with Axes
    
    Enclose
    
    Enclose with Axes
    
    Encode
    
    Enlist
    
    Equal
    
    Excluding
    
    Execute
    
    Expand
    
    Expand First
    
    Exponential
    
    Factorial
    
    Find
    
    First
    
    Floor
    
    Format
    
    Dyadic Format
    
    Grade Down
    
    Dyadic Grade Down
    
    Grade Up
    
    Dyadic Grade Up
    
    Greater
    
    Greater Or Equal
    
    Index
    
    Index with Axes
    
    Index Generator
    
    Index Of
    
    Index
    
    Intersection
    
    Interval Index
    
    Left
    
    Less
    
    Less Or Equal
    
    Logarithm
    
    Magnitude
    
    Match
    
    Materialise
    
    Matrix Divide
    
    Matrix Inverse
    
    Maximum
    
    Membership
    
    Minimum
    
    Minus
    
    Mix
    
    Multiply
    
    Nand
    
    Natural Logarithm
    
    Negative
    
    Nest
    
    Nor
    
    Not
    
    Not Equal
    
    Not Match
    
    Or Greatest Common Divisor
    
    Partition
    
    Partitioned Enclose
    
    Pi Times
    
    Pick
    
    Plus
    
    Power
    
    Ravel
    
    Ravel with Axes
    
    Reciprocal
    
    Replicate
    
    Replicate First
    
    Reshape
    
    Residue
    
    Reverse
    
    Reverse First
    
    Right
    
    Roll
    
    Rotate
    
    Rotate First
    
    Same
    
    Shape
    
    Split
    
    Subtract
    
    Table
    
    Take
    
    Take with Axes
    
    Tally
    
    Times
    
    Transpose
    
    Dyadic Transpose
    
    Type
    
    Union
    
    Unique
    
    Unique Mask
    
    Where
    
    Without
    
    Zilde
- Primitive Operators
  Primitive Operators
  - Introduction
  - Operator Syntax
  - Operators Summarised
  - Operators A-Z
    Operators A-Z
    
    Assignment Modified
    
    Assignment Indexed Modified
    
    Assignment Selective Modified
    
    At
    
    Atop
    
    Axis with Monadic Operand
    
    Axis with Dyadic Operand
    
    Behind
    
    Beside
    
    Bind
    
    Commute
    
    Constant
    
    Each with Monadic Operand
    
    Each with Dyadic Operand
    
    I-Beam
    
    Inner Product
    
    Key
    
    Outer Product
    
    Over
    
    Power Operator
    
    Rank
    
    Reduce
    
    Reduce First
    
    Reduce N Wise
    
    Reduce First N Wise
    
    Scan
    
    Scan First
    
    Spawn
    
    Stencil
    
    Variant
- The I-Beam Operator
  The I-Beam Operator
- System Functions
  System Functions
- System Commands
  System Commands
  - Introduction
  - System Commands (A-Z)
    System Commands (A-Z)
    
    CLASSES: List Classes
    
    CLEAR: Clear Workspace
    
    CMD: Windows Command Processor
    
    CONTINUE: Save Continuation
    
    COPY: Copy Workspace
    
    CS: Change Space
    
    DROP: Drop Workspace
    
    ED: Edit Object
    
    ERASE: Erase Object
    
    EVENTS: List Events
    
    FNS: List Global Defined Functions
    
    HOLDS: Display Held Tokens
    
    LIB: List Workspace Library
    
    LOAD: Load Workspace
    
    METHODS: List Methods
    
    NS: Create Namespace
    
    OBJECTS: List Global Namespaces
    
    OBS: List Global Namespaces Short
    
    OFF: Sign Off APL
    
    OPS: List Global Defined Operators
    
    PCOPY: Protected Copy
    
    PROPS: List Properties
    
    RESET: Reset State Indicator
    
    SAVE: Save Workspace
    
    SH: Execute UNIX Command
    
    SI: State Indicator
    
    SIC: Clear State Indicator
    
    SINL: State Indicator Name List
    
    TID: Thread Identity
    
    VARS: List Global Defined Variables
    
    WSID: Workspace Identification
    
    XLOAD: Load without Latent Expression
- PCRE Specifications
Object Reference
Object Reference
Windows UI Guide
Windows UI Guide
Interface Guide
Interface Guide
- Introduction
  Introduction
- GUI Tutorial
  GUI Tutorial
- Graphics
  Graphics
- Composite Controls
  Composite Controls
- Hints and Tips
  Hints and Tips
- Grid Object
  Grid Object
- MDI
  MDI
- Docking
  Docking
- OLE Client
  OLE Client
- OLE Server
  OLE Server
- ActiveX Control
  ActiveX Control
- DDE
  DDE
.NET Framework Interface
.NET Framework Interface
- Overview
  Overview
- Accessing .Net Classes
  Accessing .Net Classes
- Using Windows.Forms
  Using Windows.Forms
- WPF
  WPF
  - Introduction
  - Temperature Converter
    Temperature Converter
    
    Introduction
    
    Using XAML
    
    Using Code
  - Data Binding
    Data Binding
    
    Text Example
    
    FontSize Example
    
    Text and FontSize using Code
    
    Text and FontSize using XAML
    
    Filtered List Example
    
    NetObject Example
    
    DateTime Example
    
    DataGrid Example
    
    DataGrid Matrix Example
  - SyncFusion Introduction
  - SyncFusion CircularGauge Example
- APLScript
  APLScript
- Writing .Net Classes
  Writing .Net Classes
- Dyalog APL and IIS
  Dyalog APL and IIS
- Writing Web Services
  Writing Web Services
- Calling Web Services
  Calling Web Services
- Writing ASP.NET Web pages
  Writing ASP.NET Web pages
- Writing Custom Controls for ASP.NET
  Writing Custom Controls for ASP.NET
- Implementation Details
  Implementation Details
UNIX User Guide
UNIX User Guide
Earlier Release Notes
Earlier Release Notes
- Dyalog v19.0 Release Notes
  Dyalog v19.0 Release Notes
  - Introduction
    Introduction
    
    Key Features
    
    Extension to Native File Functions
    
    Lexical Scope in Scripts
    
    Session Gutter
    
    Source as Typed
    
    Bug Fixes
    
    Announcements
    
    System Requirements
    
    Interoperability
  - Configuration Parameters
    Configuration Parameters
    
    New or Changed Configuration Parameters
    
    DYALOG_GUTTER_ENABLE
    
    DYALOG_DISCARD_FN_SOURCE
    
    DYALOG_INITSESSION
    
    DyalogLink
    
    DyalogStartup_X
    
    DyalogStartupSE
    
    Log_File
  - Language Reference Changes
    Language Reference Changes
    
    Language Changes
    
    File Hold
    
    Fix Script
    
    Allocate Token Range
    
    Memory Manager Statistics
    
    Enable Compression of Large Components
    
    Discard Source Information
    
    Discard Source Code
    
    Hash Table Size
    
    Lookup Table Size
  - Object Reference Changes
    Object Reference Changes
    
    AllowContextMenu
    
    ExecuteJavaScript
    
    GetZoomLevel
    
    IsLoading
    
    LoadEnd
    
    SetZoomLevel
Licences for third-party components
Trademarks

Minus -

Monadic Minus means Negate

      - 3.2 ¯7 0
¯3.2 7 0

Dyadic Minus means Minus;Subtract

      3 7 9 - 5
¯2 2 4

      5 1 4 - 2 3 4
3 ¯2 0

Language Elements

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